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Bolognesi, B., Ribeiro, E., & Codato, A.. (2023). A New Ideological Classification of Brazilian Political Parties. Dados, 66(2), e20210164. Just as democratic politics changes, so does the perception about the parties out of which it is composed. This paper’s main purpose is to provide a new and updated ideological classification of Brazilian political parties. To do so, we applied a survey to political scientists in 2018, asking them to position each party on a left-right continuum and, additionally, to indicate their major goal: to pursue votes, government offices, or policy issues. Our findings indicate a centrifugal force acting upon the party system, pushing most parties to the right. Furthermore, we show a prevalence of patronage and clientelistic parties, which emphasize votes and offices rather than policy. keywords: political parties; political ideology; survey; party models; elections

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A democracia da classe culta paulista na República Velha

[A sweaty worker loading sacks
onto the McCormack line boat.
John Phillips, 1939. Life]


Adriano Codato

As práticas oligárquicas das elites dirigentes de São Paulo na Primeira República (1889-1930) podem ser lidas nos documentos do tenentismo radical.

Os juízos de Prestes a respeito dos propósitos da Aliança Liberal e de seus líderes, “meia dúzia de senhores que, proprietários da terra e dos meios de produção, se julgam a elite capaz de dirigir um povo de analfabetos e desfribrados, na opinião deles, e dos seus sociólogos de encomenda” (nota 1), não chegam a valer por uma análise científica dessa estrutura de poder, mas quase.

Todavia, são nos próprios documentos da oligarquia que se vão encontrar os modos de justificação dessa política excludente.

Seria supérfluo demonstrar as “estratégias típicas de construção simbólica” (Thompson) de que se vale a retórica dessa ideologia para reproduzir valores e produzir crenças.

Exemplo: universalização dos interesses dos grandes proprietários rurais através do “agrarismo”; racionalização de sua aversão ao capitalismo industrial através do “liberalismo” econômico; deslocação do sentido efetivo da idéia de representação popular através do “elitismo” embutido nas concepções da vida política; naturalização dos privilégios políticos de classe e também da incapacidade do sistema promover uma participação eleitoral um pouco menos insignificante através do reconhecimento tácito da incompetência social da maioria dos cidadãos; e assim por diante.

Uma das sentenças mais significativas e menos dissimuladas do Manifesto Republicano não é aquela que afirma “Somos da América e queremos ser americanos” (isto é, não súditos e sim cidadãos), mas a que diz: “No Brasil, antes ainda da idéia democrática, encarregou-se a natureza [sic] de estabelecer o princípio federativo” (nota 2).

O progresso material de São Paulo, garantido pela aplicação estrita desse princípio federativo nos cinqüenta anos seguintes, tornou a “idéia democrática” mais natural, com a condição de não haver, na realidade, democracia.

Ou melhor: a democracia liberal permaneceu só como idéia, já que, para as situações oligárquicas, ela era de fato impraticável e para as oposições, inalcançável como um direito.

Embora as dissidências oligárquicas criticassem o modo de funcionamento do regime político (combinações secretas, perseguições abertas, designações ao invés de eleições etc. (nota 3)), a tônica dessas insatisfações poderia resultar ou na tentativa de recuperação dos verdadeiros princípios liberais da Carta de 1891 (definíveis segundo uma duvidosa hermenêutica jurídica), ou pura e simplesmente na emancipação deles.

Os movimentos de “regeneração democrática” das décadas de 1910 e 1920 consistiram tão só em apelos literários à purificação dos costumes políticos nacionais. Na maior parte das vezes, o propósito era, como enfatizou Décio Saes (Classe média e sistema político no Brasil. São Paulo: T. A. Queiroz, 1985), a radicalização dos aspectos mais excludentes da democracia liberal-oligárquica.

O exemplo seguinte é especialmente eloqüente.

Em sua luta pelo aperfeiçoamento da democracia, os homens mais ilustrados do liberalismo paulista tinham a faculdade de tornar quase dispensável qualquer exposição do conteúdo latente de sua ideologia espontânea.

Em 1924, logo depois da crise militar em São Paulo, alguns deles (Monteiro Lobato, Rangel Moreira, Spencer Vampré, Fernando de Azevedo, Renato Jardim, Plinio Barreto, Mario Pinto Serva, Paulo Nogueira Filho e outros) firmaram um documento remetido como presente de aniversário ao Presidente Bernardes no qual enfileiravam todos os males que contaminavam a própria classe dirigente: desinteresse da vida institucional do estado, apatia cívica, “espírito de revolta” contra a profissionalização política e o corporativismo dos políticos profissionais, cristalização da classe política numa casta impenetrável. Etc.

Solução: cassar o direito daqueles que não têm o “direito natural” ao voto (a expressão é deles) e reservá-lo à “parte nobre do País”: ou seja, “os fazendeiros, os negociantes, os doutores, os letrados”. Se não, vejamos:

Pergunta-se: mas por que a elite não concorre às urnas? [...] Porque considera absoluta inutilidade ela, minoria consciente, lutar com a massa bruta inconsciente, que é maioria. [...] O raciocínio geral é este: se meu voto, estudado, ponderado, calculado, livre, tem de ser anulado pelo voto do meu criado, que é um imbecil, sem discernimento nem cultura, prefiro ficar em casa. [Qual a solução? Responde-se: os meios para evitar esse estado de coisas é a adoção do censo alto e do voto secreto]. Porque o censo alto é o controle da política pela elite da Nação, é o respeito à lei feudal [sic] de todos os organismos, é a parte-cérebro desempenhando suas funções de cérebro e a parte-músculo (massa bruta, populaça, gente rural sem cultura nem capacidade de discernimento) subordinada naturalmente ao cérebro (nota 4).

A democracia que a classe dirigente paulista irá defender em 1932 não é muito diferente desta.

Notas:

(1) Manifesto de Luís Carlos Prestes (maio 1930). In: Bonavides, Paulo e Amaral, Roberto (orgs.), Textos políticos da história do Brasil, vol. IV, p. 169.

(2) Manifesto republicano (3 dez. 1870), reproduzido parcialmente em Edgard Carone, A Primeira República (1889-1930): texto e contexto. 3ª. ed. aum. São Paulo: Difel, 1976, p. 272 e 270, conforme a ordem das citações.

(3) Ver Mario Pinto Serva, O voto secreto ou a organização dos partidos nacionaes. São Paulo: Imprensa Methodista, 1924. O livro, escrito como uma ladainha, é um compêndio dos defeitos do regime republicano. Leia-se, como ilustração, os seguintes capítulos: A mistificação eleitoral, O monopólio político em São Paulo, A representação paulista.

(4) O Manifesto assinado pelos expoentes políticos das letras do estado pode ser lido com proveito em: Edgard Carone, A Primeira República (1889-1930): texto e contexto, op. cit., p. 129-132.
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